Why Do the Effects of Cannabis Sometimes Kick in Immediately and Other Times Take a While?

1. Inhalation (Smoking/Vaping)

Inhaling cannabis smoke or vapor is one of the fastest ways to experience its effects. When cannabis is inhaled, the active compounds such as THC are rapidly absorbed through the lungs and enter the bloodstream. This allows the effects to be felt within minutes, typically peaking around 10-30 minutes after inhalation and lasting for 1-3 hours.

2. Edibles

In contrast, consuming cannabis in the form of edibles such as brownies, gummies, or drinks leads to a much slower onset of effects. When cannabis is ingested, it must first be digested and metabolized by the liver, a process known as the first-pass effect. This can take anywhere from 30 minutes to 2 hours depending on various factors. The effects of edibles also tend to last longer, often up to 6-8 hours.

3. Tinctures and Sublingual Absorption

Tinctures are liquid cannabis extracts that are typically administered sublingually, meaning they are held under the tongue for absorption. This method allows for faster absorption compared to edibles, as the active compounds are absorbed through the mucous membranes in the mouth, bypassing the digestive system. Effects can be felt within 15-45 minutes and last for 2-4 hours.

4. Topicals and Transdermal Patches

Topical cannabis products such as creams, balms, and transdermal patches are applied directly to the skin. These products can have localized effects on the area of application, or in the case of transdermal patches, deliver the active compounds into the bloodstream for systemic effects. The onset time for topicals varies widely depending on the specific product and the individual’s skin absorption rates.

1. Metabolism and Enzymatic Activity

The liver is responsible for metabolizing THC and other cannabinoids through a family of enzymes called cytochrome P450 (CYP450). The activity of these enzymes can vary from person to person due to genetic differences. This means that some individuals may break down THC more quickly or slowly than others, affecting the onset and duration of effects.

2. Individual Tolerance and Body Composition

Frequent cannabis users may develop a higher tolerance to its effects, meaning they require larger doses to achieve the same level of impact as a novice user. Conversely, occasional users may be more sensitive to the effects of cannabis and feel them more quickly.

Additionally, THC is fat-soluble, meaning it can be stored in the body’s adipose (fat) tissue. Individuals with higher body fat percentages may experience a slower release of THC into the bloodstream, prolonging the effects.

3. Empty vs. Full Stomach

Consuming cannabis on an empty stomach can lead to faster absorption, as there is no food to slow down the process. Conversely, eating a meal before consuming cannabis, especially one high in fats, can delay the onset of effects as the body prioritizes digesting the food. Fats can also increase the bioavailability of THC, leading to stronger and longer-lasting effects.

1. THC vs. CBD Ratios

Cannabis products contain varying ratios of THC, the primary psychoactive compound, and CBD, a non-psychoactive compound that can modulate the effects of THC. Products with higher THC content may produce more immediate and intense effects, while those with higher CBD levels may have a more gradual onset and tempered experience.

The interaction between THC, CBD, and other compounds in cannabis is known as the entourage effect. This synergy can influence the overall effects and onset time of the product.

2. Terpenes and Their Effects

Terpenes are aromatic compounds found in cannabis that contribute to its distinct flavors and aromas. Some terpenes, such as myrcene, have been suggested to potentially increase the absorption rate of THC, leading to a faster onset of effects. Other terpenes like limonene and pinene may also influence the psychoactive effects of cannabis.

1. Expectations and Mindset

The placebo effect can be powerful when it comes to cannabis use. If an individual expects to feel the effects quickly, they may be more likely to notice and report them sooner. Conversely, anxiety or nervousness about using cannabis can heighten awareness of bodily sensations, leading to a perception of faster onset.

2. Setting and Context

The environment in which cannabis is consumed can also influence the perception of time and the onset of effects. In social settings where there are distractions and stimulating conversations, time may seem to pass more quickly, and effects may be noticed later. In contrast, using cannabis alone in a quiet setting may lead to a heightened awareness of subtle changes in perception and a sense of faster onset.